cryptonas/src/cryptobox/core/blockdevice.py

962 lines
31 KiB
Python

#
# Copyright 2007 sense.lab e.V.
#
# This file is part of the CryptoBox.
#
# The CryptoBox is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# The CryptoBox is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with the CryptoBox; if not, write to the Free Software
# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
#
'''
These classes detect and filter available blockdevices.
'''
#TODO: call blkid only once for all devices and scan the result
__revision__ = "$Id$"
import os
import subprocess
import time
import logging
import cryptobox.core.settings
OPTIONAL_PROGS = { "lvm": True }
"""remember which programs don't exist to avoid calling them in vain
change default values from "True" to "False" to disable the respective program
"""
LOGGER = logging.getLogger("CryptoBox")
DEFAULT_SYSBLOCK_DIR = '/sys/block'
DEFAULT_DEVNODE_DIR = '/dev'
MINIMUM_STORAGE_SIZE = 10
MAJOR_DEVNUM_RAM = 1
MAJOR_DEVNUM_LOOP = 7
MAJOR_DEVNUM_MD_RAID = 9
## cache settings
CACHE_ENABLED = True
CACHE_EXPIRE_SECONDS = 120
CACHE_MONITOR_FILE = '/proc/partitions'
## useful for manual profiling
IS_VISIBLE = True
## caching is quite important for the following implementation
## the object will be initializes later below
CACHE = None
class Blockdevices:
"""handle all blockdevices of this system
"""
def __init__(self,
sysblock_dir=DEFAULT_SYSBLOCK_DIR,
devnode_dir=DEFAULT_DEVNODE_DIR):
self.sysblock_dir = sysblock_dir
self.devnode_dir = devnode_dir
self.devices = []
for devdir in find_blockdevices(self.sysblock_dir):
blockdevice = get_blockdevice(devdir,
self.sysblock_dir, self.devnode_dir)
if (not blockdevice is None) and blockdevice.is_valid():
self.devices.append(blockdevice)
def get_devices(self):
"""return a copy of the device list
"""
return self.devices[:]
def get_storage_devices(self):
"""return a list of devices with the 'storage' flag
"""
return [ dev for dev in self.devices if dev.is_storage() ]
def get_partitionable_devices(self):
"""return a list of devices with the 'partitionable' flag
"""
return [ dev for dev in self.devices if dev.is_partitionable() ]
class Blockdevice:
def __init__(self, dev,
sysblock_dir=DEFAULT_SYSBLOCK_DIR,
devnode_dir=DEFAULT_DEVNODE_DIR):
"""initialize the blockdevice
@type dev: string
@param dev: The /sys/block/ subdirectory describing a blockdevice
@type sysblock_dir: string
@param sysblock_dir: The linux /sys/ directory. Default is '/sys'.
@type devnode_dir: string
@param devnode_dir: The linux /dev/ directory. Default is '/dev'.
"""
self.devdir = dev
self.devnode_dir = devnode_dir
self.sysblock_dir = sysblock_dir
self.name = os.path.basename(self.devdir)
## "reset" below will fill these values
self.devnum = None
self.size = None
self.size_human = None
self.range = None
self.slaves = None
self.holders = None
self.children = None
self.devnodes = None
self.uuid = None
self.label = None
self.reset(empty_cache=False)
def reset(self, empty_cache=True):
"""reread the data of the device
usually we will have to reset the cache, too
just in case of first-time initialization, this is not necessary
@type empty_cache: boolean
@param empty_cache: Whether to discard the cached information or not.
"""
if empty_cache:
CACHE.reset(["blockdevice_info", self.name])
self.devnum = self.__get_major_minor()
self.size = self.__get_size()
self.size_human = self.__get_size_human()
self.range = self.__get_device_range()
self.slaves = self.__get_dev_related("slaves")
self.holders = self.__get_dev_related("holders")
self.children = self.__get_children()
self.devnodes = self.__get_device_nodes()
self.uuid = self.__get_uuid()
self.label = self.__get_label()
self.type_id = self.__get_type_id()
def is_valid(self):
"""check if the device is usable and valid
causes of invalidity: ram device, loop device, removable device
@rtype: boolean
@return: 'True' for a valid blockdevice
"""
if not self.devnodes:
return False
## check valid devnum
try:
major, minor = self.devnum
if (major == 0) and (minor == 0):
return False
## ram devices are ignored
if major == MAJOR_DEVNUM_RAM:
return False
## loop devices are ignored
if (major == MAJOR_DEVNUM_LOOP) and (self.size == 0):
return False
## removable devices are ignored (due to long timeouts)
if self.is_removable():
return False
except TypeError:
return False
return True
def is_storage(self):
"""return if this device can be used as a storage
@rtype: boolean
@return: 'True' for a device usable as a storage
"""
## check the cache first
cache_link = ["blockdevice_info", self.name, "is_storage"]
cached = CACHE.get(cache_link)
if not cached is None:
return cached
if self.range > 1:
## partitionable blockdevice
CACHE.set(cache_link, False)
return False
if self.size < MINIMUM_STORAGE_SIZE:
## extended partition, unused loop device
CACHE.set(cache_link, False)
return False
if self.devnum[0] == MAJOR_DEVNUM_RAM:
## ram device
CACHE.set(cache_link, False)
return False
## are we the device mapper of a luks device?
for slave in self.slaves:
if get_blockdevice(slave, self.sysblock_dir,
self.devnode_dir).is_luks():
CACHE.set(cache_link, False)
return False
## if we are a luks device with exactly one child, then
## we are a storage
if (len(self.children) == 1) and self.is_luks():
CACHE.set(cache_link, True)
return True
if self.children:
## a parent blockdevice
CACHE.set(cache_link, False)
return False
CACHE.set(cache_link, True)
return True
def is_partitionable(self):
"""is the device partitionable
"""
if self.range > 1:
return True
else:
return False
def is_lvm_pv(self):
"""return if the device is a physical volume of a LVM
"""
## check the cache first
cache_link = ["blockdevice_info", self.name, "is_lvm_pv"]
cached = CACHE.get(cache_link)
if not cached is None:
return cached
## is one of the devnodes of the device a physical volume?
for one_lvm_pv in find_lvm_pv():
if one_lvm_pv in self.devnodes:
CACHE.set(cache_link, True)
return True
CACHE.set(cache_link, False)
return False
def is_lvm_lv(self):
"""return if the device is a logical volume of a LVM
"""
## check the cache first
cache_link = ["blockdevice_info", self.name, "is_lvm_lv"]
cached = CACHE.get(cache_link)
if not cached is None:
return cached
## is one of the devnodes of the device a physical volume?
## logical LVM volumes always depend on their physical volumes
if not self.slaves:
CACHE.set(cache_link, False)
return False
## is one of the LVM physical volumes a device node of our slave(s)?
for one_lvm_pv in find_lvm_pv():
for one_slave in self.slaves:
if one_lvm_pv in get_blockdevice(one_slave,
self.sysblock_dir, self.devnode_dir).devnodes:
CACHE.set(cache_link, True)
return True
CACHE.set(cache_link, False)
return False
def is_md_raid(self):
"""check if the device is the base of a md raid device
"""
## check the cache first
cache_link = ["blockdevice_info", self.name, "is_md_raid"]
cached = CACHE.get(cache_link)
if not cached is None:
return cached
if self.range > 1:
result = False
elif self.size < MINIMUM_STORAGE_SIZE:
result = False
else:
for hold in self.holders:
if get_blockdevice(hold, self.sysblock_dir,
self.devnode_dir).devnum[0] == MAJOR_DEVNUM_MD_RAID:
result = True
break
else:
result = False
## store result and return
CACHE.set(cache_link, result)
return result
def is_luks(self):
"""check if the device is a luks container
"""
## check the cache first
cache_link = ["blockdevice_info", self.name, "is_luks"]
cached = CACHE.get(cache_link)
if not cached is None:
return cached
if self.range > 1:
result = False
elif self.size < MINIMUM_STORAGE_SIZE:
result = False
elif self.is_lvm_pv():
result = False
elif self.is_md_raid():
result = False
else:
## is the device a luks volume?
prefs = _load_preferences()
proc = subprocess.Popen(
shell = False,
stdout = subprocess.PIPE,
stderr = subprocess.PIPE,
args = [ prefs["Programs"]["cryptsetup"],
"--batch-mode", "isLuks", self.devnodes[0]])
proc.wait()
result = proc.returncode == 0
## store result and return
CACHE.set(cache_link, result)
return result
def is_removable(self):
"""check if the device is marked as 'removable'
"""
## check the cache first
cache_link = ["blockdevice_info", self.name, "is_removable"]
cached = CACHE.get(cache_link)
if not cached is None:
return cached
removable_file = os.path.join(self.devdir, "removable")
if os.path.isfile(removable_file):
try:
content = file(removable_file).read().strip()
if content == "1":
return True
else:
return False
except IOError:
result = False
else:
result = False
CACHE.set(cache_link, result)
return result
def __get_dev_related(self, subdir):
"""return the content of sub directories (e.g. 'holders' or 'slaves')
"""
try:
return os.listdir(os.path.join(self.devdir, subdir))
except OSError:
return []
def __get_size_human(self):
"""return a human readable string representing the size of the device
"""
size = self.size
if self.size > 5120:
return "%dGB" % int(self.size/1024)
else:
return "%dMB" % self.size
def __get_size(self):
"""return the size (in MB) of the blockdevice
"""
default = 0
try:
size_blocks = int(file(os.path.join(self.devdir, 'size')).read())
## size is defined as the number of blocks (512 byte each)
return int(size_blocks*512/1024/1024)
except OSError:
return default
except ValueError:
return default
def __get_major_minor(self):
"""return the major and minor of the device"""
default = (0, 0)
try:
content = file(os.path.join(self.devdir, "dev")).read()
except IOError:
return default
try:
major, minor = content.split(":", 1)
except TypeError:
return default
try:
return int(major), int(minor)
except ValueError:
return default
def __get_device_range(self):
"""number of possible subdevices
partitionable blockdevices have a range > 1
"""
default = 1
try:
content = file(os.path.join(self.devdir, "range")).read()
except IOError:
return default
try:
return int(content)
except ValueError:
return default
def __get_children(self):
"""return all devices depending on the current one
all holders, subdevices and children of subdevices
"""
direct_children = [
get_blockdevice(child, self.sysblock_dir, self.devnode_dir).name
for child in find_blockdevices(self.devdir)]
direct_children.extend(self.holders[:])
children = direct_children[:]
for dchild in direct_children:
children.extend(get_blockdevice(dchild, self.sysblock_dir,
self.devnode_dir).children)
return children
def __get_device_nodes(self):
"""get all device nodes with the major/minor combination of the device
"""
result = []
major, minor = self.devnum
def find_major_minor(arg, dirname, fnames):
for fname in fnames:
try:
stat = os.stat(os.path.join(dirname, fname))
## check if it is a blockdevice and compare major/minor
if (stat.st_mode & 060000 == 060000) \
and (os.major(stat.st_rdev) == major) \
and (os.minor(stat.st_rdev) == minor):
result.append(os.path.join(dirname, fname))
except OSError:
pass
os.path.walk(self.devnode_dir, find_major_minor, None)
return result
def __get_uuid(self):
"""determine the unique identifier of this device
returns None in case of error or for invalid devices (see "is_valid")
"""
if not self.is_valid():
return None
## partitionable devices do not have a UUID
if self.is_partitionable():
return None
## UUIDs of physical LVM volumes can only be determined via pvdisplay
if self.is_lvm_pv():
return self.__get_uuid_lvm_pv()
## UUIDs of luks devices can be determined via luksDump
if self.is_luks():
return self.__get_uuid_luks()
return self.__get_uuid_default()
def __get_uuid_luks(self):
"""determine the unique identifier of luks devices
"""
prefs = _load_preferences()
try:
proc = subprocess.Popen(
shell = False,
stdout = subprocess.PIPE,
stderr = subprocess.PIPE,
args = [ prefs["Programs"]["cryptsetup"],
"luksUUID", self.devnodes[0] ])
(output, error) = proc.communicate()
except OSError, err_msg:
LOGGER.warning("Failed to call '%s' to determine UUID: %s" \
% (prefs["Programs"]["cryptsetup"], err_msg))
return None
if proc.returncode != 0:
LOGGER.warning("Execution of '%s' for '%s' failed: %s" % \
(prefs["Programs"]["cryptsetup"], self.devnodes[0],
error))
return None
result = output.strip()
if result:
return result
else:
return None
def __get_uuid_lvm_pv(self):
"""determine the unique identifier of physical LVM volumes
"""
if not OPTIONAL_PROGS["lvm"]:
## pvdisplay is not installed - skip it
return None
prefs = _load_preferences()
try:
proc = subprocess.Popen(
shell = False,
stdout = subprocess.PIPE,
stderr = subprocess.PIPE,
args = [ prefs["Programs"]["super"],
prefs["Programs"]["CryptoBoxRootActions"],
"program", "pvdisplay" ])
(output, error) = proc.communicate()
except OSError, err_msg:
LOGGER.warning("Failed to call '%s' via 'super' to determine " \
% prefs["Programs"]["pvdisplay"] + "UUID: %s" % err_msg)
return None
if proc.returncode == 101:
## pvdisplay is not installed
OPTIONAL_PROGS["lvm"] = False
LOGGER.warning("'lvm' is not installed - I will not try it again")
return None
if proc.returncode != 0:
LOGGER.warning("Execution of 'pvdisplay' failed: %s" % error)
return None
for line in output.splitlines():
items = line.strip().split(":")
if (len(items) == 12) and (items[0] in self.devnodes):
return items[11]
## not found
return None
def __get_uuid_default(self):
"""determine the unique identifier for non-special devices
luks and lvm_pv devices must be treated differently
"""
prefs = _load_preferences()
try:
proc = subprocess.Popen(
shell = False,
stdout = subprocess.PIPE,
stderr = subprocess.PIPE,
args = [ prefs["Programs"]["blkid"],
"-s", "UUID",
"-o", "value",
"-c", os.devnull,
"-w", os.devnull,
self.devnodes[0] ])
(output, error) = proc.communicate()
except OSError, err_msg:
LOGGER.warning("Failed to call '%s' to determine UUID: %s" % \
(prefs["Programs"]["blkid"], err_msg))
return None
if proc.returncode != 0:
LOGGER.warning("Execution of '%s' for '%s' failed: %s" % \
(prefs["Programs"]["blkid"], self.devnodes[0],
error.strip()))
return None
result = output.strip()
if result:
return result
else:
return None
def __get_label(self):
"""determine the label of a filesystem contained in a device
return None for errors, empty labels and for luks or non-storage devices
"""
if not self.is_valid():
return None
if self.is_luks():
return None
prefs = _load_preferences()
try:
proc = subprocess.Popen(
shell = False,
stdout = subprocess.PIPE,
stderr = subprocess.PIPE,
args = [ prefs["Programs"]["blkid"],
"-s", "LABEL",
"-o", "value",
"-c", os.devnull,
"-w", os.devnull,
self.devnodes[0]])
(output, error) = proc.communicate()
except OSError, err_msg:
LOGGER.warning("Failed to call '%s' to determine label for " \
% prefs["Programs"]["blkid"] + "'%s': %s" % \
(self.devnodes[0], err_msg))
return None
if proc.returncode != 0:
LOGGER.warning("Execution of '%s' for '%s' failed: %s" % \
(prefs["Programs"]["blkid"], self.devnodes[0],
error.strip()))
return None
result = output.strip()
if result:
return result
else:
return None
def __get_type_id(self):
"""determine the type id of a filesystem contained in a device
possible results are: ext2, ext3, vfat, reiserfs, swap, ...
return None for errors, empty labels and for luks or non-storage devices
"""
if not self.is_valid():
return None
if self.is_luks():
return None
prefs = _load_preferences()
try:
proc = subprocess.Popen(
shell = False,
stdout = subprocess.PIPE,
stderr = subprocess.PIPE,
args = [ prefs["Programs"]["blkid"],
"-s", "TYPE",
"-o", "value",
"-c", os.devnull,
"-w", os.devnull,
self.devnodes[0]])
(output, error) = proc.communicate()
except OSError, err_msg:
LOGGER.warning("Failed to call '%s' to determine type id for" \
% prefs["Programs"]["blkid"] + " '%s': %s" % \
(self.devnodes[0], err_msg))
return None
if proc.returncode != 0:
LOGGER.warning("Execution of '%s' for '%s' failed: %s" % \
(prefs["Programs"]["blkid"], self.devnodes[0],
error.strip()))
return None
result = output.strip()
if result:
return result
else:
return None
def __eq__(self, device):
"""compare two blockdevice objects
"""
return self.name == device.name
def __str__(self):
"""display the name of the device
"""
return self.name
def info(self):
"""display some information about the device
"""
output = "%s:\n" % self.name
output += "\t%s:\t%s\n" % ("blockdir", self.devdir)
output += "\t%s:\t%s\n" % ("major/minor", self.devnum)
output += "\t%s:\t\t%s\n" % ("label", self.label)
output += "\t%s:\t\t%s\n" % ("UUID", self.uuid)
output += "\t%s:\t\t%s\n" % ("range", self.range)
output += "\t%s:\t\t%s\n" % ("size", self.size)
output += "\t%s:\t\t%s\n" % ("slaves", self.slaves)
output += "\t%s:\t%s\n" % ("holders", self.holders)
output += "\t%s:\t%s\n" % ("children", self.children)
output += "\t%s:\t%s\n" % ("device nodes", self.devnodes)
output += "\tflags:\t\t"
for funcname in [ func for func in dir(self)
if func.startswith("is_") and callable(getattr(self, func))]:
if getattr(self, funcname)():
output += "%s " % funcname[3:]
output += "\n"
return output
class BlockdeviceCache:
"""manage cached results of blockdevce queries
the cache expires every 60 seconds or as soon as CACHE_MONITOR_FILE changes
"""
def __init__(self):
self.values = {}
self.expires = None
self.partitions_save = None
self.reset()
def reset(self, link=None):
"""empty the cache and reset the expire time
"""
if not link:
self.values = {}
try:
self.partitions_save = file(CACHE_MONITOR_FILE).read()
except IOError, err_msg:
LOGGER.warning("Failed to read '%s': %s" % \
(CACHE_MONITOR_FILE, err_msg))
self.partitions_save = ""
self.expires = int(time.time()) + CACHE_EXPIRE_SECONDS
else:
## we do no reset the expire date
self.set(link, {})
def __is_expired(self):
"""check if the cache is expired
"""
try:
if (file(CACHE_MONITOR_FILE).read() != self.partitions_save) or \
(self.expires < int(time.time())):
return True
except IOError:
LOGGER.warning("Failed to read '%s': %s" % \
(CACHE_MONITOR_FILE, err_msg))
return False
def get(self, link):
"""return a cached value
"link" is an array of the hierachie of the accessed item
e.g. link = ["blockdevices", "hda"]
return None if the value is not in the cache or if CACHE_ENABLED is False
"""
if not CACHE_ENABLED:
return None
if self.__is_expired():
self.reset()
## walk down the tree
ref = self.values
for element in link:
if element in ref:
ref = ref[element]
else:
return None
return ref
def set(self, link, item):
"""store an item in the cache
"link" is an array of the hierachie of the accessed item
e.g. link = ["blockdevices", "hda"]
"""
if not CACHE_ENABLED:
return
## walk down the tree
ref = self.values
for element in link[:-1]:
if not element in ref:
## create a non-existing sub element
ref[element] = {}
ref = ref[element]
## store the item
ref[link[-1]] = item
def get_blockdevice(dev,
sysblock_dir=DEFAULT_SYSBLOCK_DIR,
devnode_dir=DEFAULT_DEVNODE_DIR):
if os.path.isabs(dev):
## it is an absolute path
if dev.startswith(devnode_dir):
## it is the name of a devicenode (e.g.: '/dev/hda1')
## simplify the path first
dev = os.path.realpath(dev)
found_dev = [ a_dev for a_dev in Blockdevices(
sysblock_dir, devnode_dir).get_devices()
if dev in a_dev.devnodes ]
if found_dev:
devdir = found_dev[0].devdir
else:
return None
else:
## it is the path of a /sys/ subdirectory (e.g.: '/sys/block/hda')
if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(dev, "dev")):
devdir = dev
else:
return None
else:
## the name of a blockdevice (e.g.: 'dm-0')
for one_devdir in find_blockdevices(sysblock_dir):
if os.path.basename(one_devdir) == dev:
devdir = one_devdir
break
else:
return None
devname = os.path.basename(devdir)
cache_link = ["blockdevices", devname]
dev = CACHE.get(cache_link)
if dev is None:
dev = Blockdevice(devdir, sysblock_dir, devnode_dir)
CACHE.set(cache_link, dev)
return dev
def find_blockdevices(top_dir):
cache_link = ["blockdevice_dirs", top_dir]
cached = CACHE.get(cache_link)
if not cached is None:
return cached[:]
dev_dirs = []
def look4dev_dirs(arg, dirname, fnames):
## ignore the top level directory to avoid infinite recursion for
## get_children
if os.path.samefile(dirname, top_dir):
return
## add directories containing the file 'dev' to the list
if (arg in fnames) and os.path.isfile(os.path.join(dirname, arg)):
dev_dirs.append(dirname)
for fname in fnames:
## remove symlinks and non-directories
fullname = os.path.join(dirname, fname)
if os.path.islink(fullname) or (not os.path.isdir(fullname)):
fnames.remove(fname)
os.path.walk(top_dir, look4dev_dirs, 'dev')
CACHE.set(cache_link, dev_dirs)
return dev_dirs[:]
def find_lvm_pv():
"""return the blockdevice names of all physical LVM volumes
"""
if not OPTIONAL_PROGS["lvm"]:
return []
cache_link = ["lvm", "pv"]
cached = CACHE.get(cache_link)
if not cached is None:
return cached[:]
prefs = _load_preferences()
result = None
try:
proc = subprocess.Popen(
shell = False,
stdout = subprocess.PIPE,
stderr = subprocess.PIPE,
args = [ prefs["Programs"]["super"],
prefs["Programs"]["CryptoBoxRootActions"],
"program", "pvdisplay" ])
(output, error) = proc.communicate()
except OSError, err_msg:
LOGGER.info("Failed to call 'pvdisplay' via 'super': %s" % err_msg)
result = []
if proc.returncode == 101:
## pvdisplay is not installed
OPTIONAL_PROGS["lvm"] = False
LOGGER.warning("'lvm' is not installed - I will not try it again")
return []
if proc.returncode != 0:
LOGGER.info("Execution of 'pvdisplay' failed: %s" % error.strip())
result = []
if result is None:
result = []
for line in output.splitlines():
result.append(line.split(":", 1)[0].strip())
CACHE.set(cache_link, result)
return result[:]
def get_sorted_devices(names):
"""return the names of devices in a sorted order
e.g.: "hda1", "hda5", "hda6", ..., "hda10", "hda11"
"""
# TODO: implement this for devicenames like "hda12"
def compare_device_names(x, y):
if x.name < y.name:
return -1
elif x.name == y.name:
return 0
else:
return 1
result = names[:]
result.sort(cmp=compare_device_names)
return result
def _load_preferences():
prefs = cryptobox.core.settings.get_current_settings()
if not prefs is None:
## now the preferences are loaded
return prefs
## we have to load an emergency fallback for proper function
## this is mainly useful for local testing
root_dir = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(globals()["cryptobox"].__path__[0],
os.path.pardir, os.path.pardir))
config_file = os.path.join(root_dir, "bin", "cryptobox.conf")
## we have to chdir to the 'bin' directory - otherwise the paths in
## cryptobox.conf do not work
os.chdir(os.path.dirname(config_file))
return cryptobox.core.settings.CryptoBoxSettings(config_file)
## initialize cache
CACHE = BlockdeviceCache()
if __name__ == '__main__':
## list the properties of all available devices
## this is just for testing purposes
blocks = Blockdevices().get_devices()
## do we want to show the result?
def show(text=""):
if IS_VISIBLE:
print text
if len(blocks) > 0:
## show all devices and their properties
show("Properties of all devices:")
for device in blocks:
show(device.info())
## discover all self-check methods
example = blocks[0]
flag_checker = [ method for method in dir(example)
if callable(getattr(example, method))
and method.startswith("is_")]
## list all checks and the respective devices
for check in flag_checker:
show("List of '%s' devices:" % check[3:])
for device in blocks:
if getattr(device, check)():
show("\t%s" % device)
show()